Corresponding author: Jan Klimaszewski ( jan.klimaszewski@canada.ca ) © 2020 Jan Klimaszewski, E. Richard Hoebeke, David W. Langor, Hume B. Douglas, Lech Borowiec, H.E.James Hammond, Anthony Davies, Caroline Bourdon, Karine Savard.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Klimaszewski J, Hoebeke ER, Langor DW, Douglas HB, Borowiec L, Hammond HEJ, Davies A, Bourdon C, Savard K (2020) Synopsis of adventive species of Coleoptera (Insecta) recorded from Canada. Part 5: Chrysomeloidea (Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, and Megalopodidae). Advanced Books. https://doi.org/10.3897/ab.e50613
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This is the sixth volume in a series of monographs in which we treat the adventive species of the insect order Coleoptera in Canada. The first volume provided an overview of all recorded species of adventive Coleoptera in eastern Canada (
The Cerambycidae, commonly called the longhorned beetles because of their very long antennae that typically exceed the body length, is a highly conspicuous family as adults of many species are large and brightly colored. Worldwide there are more than 36,000 known species (
The Chrysomelidae, or leaf beetles, includes at least 32,500 species worldwide (
The Megalopodidae are a much smaller family with about 350 species known worldwide (
Canada is home to over 1930 non-native insect species, which represents about 5.0% of the known insect fauna of Canada (
Other non-native species are likely established in Canada and nearby parts of the USA, with spread to Canada inevitable. Most species of adventive chrysomelids are in the Galerucinae where a lack of taxonomic research on many genera inhibits our understanding of native and non-native faunas. This subfamily in particular is expected to yield additional adventive species in Canada. It is possible that other biocontrol agents in the Chrysomelidae may be introduced to Canada for management of weeds.
It may be that some species currently thought to be adventive will eventually be discovered to have natural Holarctic distributions. For example, we have removed Phaedon armoraceae (L.), from the list of adventive Chrysomeloidea species in Canada. According to recent literature (
Structure and convention. This review is based largely on the published literature and on information associated with identified specimens mainly in Canadian collections. The arrangement of the species and classification follows that used by
We use the term ‘adventive species’ for those that arrived in Canada from other countries either through natural dispersal or through inadvertent or deliberate human action during the period since initial arrival of European colonists (
Images. Images were taken using an image processing system (Nikon SMZ-U stereo-microscope with a ProgRes 3012 digital camera or Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscopic microscope fitted with a Nikon Digit-like camera DXM1200F) and compiled using Adobe Photoshop software.
Distribution. Each species is cited with its currently known distribution in Canada and the USA. Data for distribution maps were extracted from specimens in collections, from literature records and, in a few cases, from authoritatively identified images from the BugGuide website (www.bugguide.net). Geographic coordinates were standardized using NAD83 datum, and maps projected onto a Lambert Conic Conformal using ESRI ArcMap version 10 for Windows.
The following abbreviations are used in the text for Canadian jurisdictions:
AB – Alberta, BC – British Columbia, LB – Labrador, MB – Manitoba, NB – New Brunswick, NF – Newfoundland (island), NS – Nova Scotia, NT – Northwest Territories, NU – Nunavut, ON – Ontario, PE – Prince Edward Island, QC – Quebec, SK – Saskatchewan, YT – Yukon Territory. USA state abbreviations follow those of the US Postal Service.
Collection codens. The following collections contained specimens of adventive Coleoptera from Canada used to plot distribution maps in Canada:
AAFC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
AFCF Atlantic Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
CBG Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency collection, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
DEBU University of Guelph Insect Collection, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
LEM Lyman Entomological Museum, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
LFC Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, Quebec, Canada
LRCC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
NOFC Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
NSAC Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Bible Hill, Nova Scotia, Canada
NSMC Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
PFRC Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
RBCM Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
RSM Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
RWC Reginald Webster Collection, Charters Settlement, New Brunswick, Canada
ULQ Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Faunal composition of adventive Chrysomeloidea (number of species in brackets) 72 recorded species in 38 genera and 3 families:
CERAMBYCIDAE [10]: SPONDYLIDINAE [2]: Arhopalus (1), Tetropium (1); CERAMBYCINAE [5]: Callidium (1), Hylotrupes (1), Phymatodes (1), Poecilium (1), Trichoferus (1); LAMIINAE [3]: Anoplophora (1), Oberea (1), Tetrops (1). CHRYSOMELIDAE [61]: BRUCHINAE [8]: Acanthoscelides (1), Bruchidius (2), Bruchus (3), Callosobruchus (2); CRIOCERINAE [5]: Crioceris (2), Lilioceris (1), Lema (1), Oulema (1); CASSIDINAE [4]: Cassida (4); CHRYSOMELINAE [7]: Chrysolina (4), Gastrophysa (1), Phaedon (1), Plagiodera (1); GALERUCINAE [37]: Altica (1), Aphthona (5), Chaetocnema (2), Epitrix (1), Longitarsus (11), Lythraria (1), Mantura (1), Neocrepidodera (1), Phyllotreta (4), Psylliodes (5), Sphaeroderma (1), Neogalerucella (2), Pyrrhalta (1), Xanthogaleruca (1); MEGALOPODIDAE [1]: Zeugophora (1).
In Canada, the Chrysomeloidea includes four families and 978 valid species, which represent 11.8% of the documented national Coleoptera fauna (
The 67 known species of non-native Chrysomeloidea that are certainly or likely established in Canada represents 6.9% of the species richness of this superfamily (
The nine species of non-native Cerambycidae include Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank), that was introduced as a weed biocontrol agent, and Hylotrupes bajulus (L.), which breeds only in seasoned wood and wood products. The remaining seven species breed in trees, three in conifers and four in hardwoods. Two of these, the brown spruce longhorned beetle, T. fuscum, and A. glabripennis, have been the focus of expensive pest management programs. While A. glabripennis was putatively eradicated from the country, T. fuscum is still frequently encountered in eastern Canada (
Among the 61 species of established non-native Chrysomelidae are 14 species (including 10 species of Galerucinae) that were intentionally introduced as biocontrol agents of perennial weeds. Almost all species were released in Canada, either directly from populations collected in Europe or translocated from populations established in the USA. The one exception is Bruchidius villosus (Fabricius), which spread naturally to Canada from populations in the USA that were either accidentally introduced (northeastern USA) or intentionally introduced (Pacific Northwest) (
As is common for the non-native fauna of Canada, nearly all species originated in the Palaearctic, predominantly Europe, reflecting recent European colonization and trade patterns (
Among the 18 species intentionally introduced as biocontrol agents (15 established and three not), all have Palaearctic origins, and source populations were from Europe. These species were introduced to control primarily eight species of perennial weed species of Palaearctic origin: Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link [one species established]; leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. [six established]; bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke [one established]; St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum L. [two established and one not]; tansy ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. [two established]; houndstongue, Cynoglossum officinale L. [one established]; purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. [two established]; and Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. [two species not established].
The highest species richness of non-native Chrysomeloidea (excluding biocontrol agents) in Canada is in ON (42), the Atlantic Provinces (40), and QC (39). This pattern is also typical for other groups of adventive beetles (
The distribution of biocontrol agents in Canada remains incompletely known. Although original release sites are well documented, and there was occasional resampling of these sites to determine the fate of introduced populations, the spread of agents from release sites is not well documented. Frequently data collected by provinces that can aid documentation of establishment and spread are not readily available, especially after the personnel involved in the biocontrol programs move on or retire.
It is probably impossible to precisely determine arrival dates of adventive species, especially for species introduced before the 20th century when insect surveys and collecting in Canada were uncommon. The date of first detection of a species in Canada, based on collection records, may be decades or centuries after the time of introduction. For example, based on specimens in reference collections, the earliest Canadian record for Bruchus pisorum is from the late 1800s in Welland Co., ON. By 1909, the species appeared to be widespread in ON and QC and the first record from NS was in 1915. Until 2010, there were no records from NF. However, based on paleoentomological evidence gathered during the excavation of an old latrine in Ferryland in southeastern NF, the species was present in material from ~1620–1670 (
Three species were documented from Canada prior to 1850, and from 1850–1899, five species were first collected (average rate of 2.5 species per 25 years). From 1900–1949, 25 species were first collected (12.5 per 25 years), but this much higher rate of discovery is likely due mostly to greatly increased insect survey and collection effort in the 20th century rather than due to a much increased rate of new introductions. During the second half of the 20th century, 13 non-native species were newly collected (6.5 per 25 years), and to date in the 21st century six species have been newly collected.
The site of first collection of an adventive species cannot be assumed to be the site of the first establishment, and this is especially true for species that represent old introductions but were not first documented until decades or centuries after establishment. Some species were likely introduced on more than one occasion, especially those associated with synanthropic habitats and human-shipped goods. Nevertheless, for species that were directly introduced to Canada from sites in their native range, it is predicted that the most frequent points of entry and establishment are ports on the east coast and along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, as well as at the major ports on the west coast (Vancouver, Victoria). For species that were first introduced into the USA, and then spread across the border into Canada by their own dispersal powers or by means of human transport, we expect points of first detection predominantly in southern parts of eastern Canada and southwestern British Columbia. The data fit these predictions for the 47 adventive species for which the site of first detection is known; sites of earliest detection were most common in the vicinity of Lake Ontario (11 spp.), along the St. Lawrence River, especially in and around Montreal, QC (7 spp.) and Quebec City (3 spp.), and in close proximity to the USA border in southern Ontario and Quebec (8 spp.). Other sites include Halifax, NS (2 spp.) St. John’s, NF (2 spp.), and along the Ottawa River, including Ottawa, ON (2 spp.). In BC, only two species were first detected at ports in the lower mainland and one species in southern Vancouver Island; this is remarkably low compared to other groups of adventive beetles (
Results presented here indicate that non-native chrysomeloid beetles have been arriving in Canada since early arrival of Europeans. Continued discovery of new non-native species in Canada suggest that new introductions have continued into recent decades. It is perhaps too early to fully estimate the effectiveness of North American plant protection organizations’ efforts to reduce accidental establishments of new non-native Chrysomeloidea in Canada and neighbouring countries.
Subfamily SPONDYLIDINAE Audinet-Serville
Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus)
Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius)
Subfamily CERAMBYCINAE Latreille
Tribe Callidiini Kirby
Callidium violaceum (Linnaeus)
Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus)
Poecilium lividum (Rossi)
Tribe Hylotrupini Zagajkevich
Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus)
Tribe Hesperophanini Mulsant
Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)
Subfamily LAMIINAE Latreille
Tribe Monochamini Thomson
Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)
Tribe Tetropini Portevin
Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus)
Tribe Obereini Thomson
Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank)
Subfamily BRUCHINAE Latreille
Tribe Bruchini Latreille
Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
Bruchidius cisti (Fabricius)
Bruchidius villosus (Fabricius)
Bruchus brachialis Fåhraeus
Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus)
Bruchus rufimanus (Boheman)
Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus)
Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)
Subfamily CRIOCERINAE Latreille
Tribe Criocerini Latreille
Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus)
Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus)
Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli)
Tribe Lemini Gyllenhal
Lema cyanella (Linnaeus)
Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus)
Subfamily CASSIDINAE Gyllenhal
Tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal
Cassida (Cassida) rubiginosa O.F. Müller
Cassida (Mionycha) azurea Fabricius
Cassida (Mionycha) flaveola Thunberg
Cassida (Odontionycha) viridis Linnaeus
Subfamily CHRYSOMELINAE Latreille
Tribe Chrysomelini Latreille
Chrysolina (C.) staphylaea staphylaea (Linnaeus)
Chrysolina (Hypericia) hyperici hyperici (Forster)
Chrysolina (Hypericia) quadrigemina (Suffrian)
Chrysolina (Sphaeromela) varians (Schaller)
Gastrophysa polygoni (Linnaeus)
Phaedon laevigatus (Duftschmid)
Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting)
Subfamily GALERUCINAE Latreille
Tribe Alticini Newman
Altica carduorum (Guérin-Méneville)
Aphthona cyparissiae (Koch)
Aphthona czwalinae Weise
Aphthona flava Guillebeau
Aphthona lacertosa Rosenhauer
Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras
Chaetocnema concinna (Marsham)
Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoffroy)
Epitrix pubescens (Koch)
Longitarsus ferrugineus (Foudras)
Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens)
Longitarsus ganglbaueri Heikertinger
Longitarsus jacobaeae Waterhouse
Longitarsus lewisii Baly
Longitarsus luridus (Scopoli)
Longitarsus pellucidus (Foudras)
Longitarsus pratensis (Panzer)
Longitarsus quadriguttatus (Pontoppidan)
Longitarsus rubiginosus (Foudras)
Longitarsus succineus (Foudras)
Lythraria salicariae (Paykull)
Mantura chrysanthemi (Koch)
Neocrepidodera ferruginea (Scopoli)
Phyllotreta armoraciae (Koch)
Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)
Phyllotreta punctulata (Marsham)
Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)
Psylliodes affinis (Paykull)
Psylliodes chrysocephalus (Linnaeus)
Psylliodes cucullatus (Illiger)
Psylliodes napi (Fabricius)
Psylliodes picinus (Marsham)
Sphaeroderma testaceum (Fabricius)
Tribe Galerucini Latreille
Neogalerucella calmariensis (Linnaeus)
Neogalerucella pusilla (Duftschmid)
Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull)
Xanthogaleruca luteola (O.F. Müller)
Zeugophora scutellaris Suffrian
[longhorned beetles]
Diagnosis. Body form usually elongate and cylindrical but sometimes flattened and wide, with broad shoulders, brown, black, or brightly coloured with or without spots or of a complex pattern, pubescent or subglabrous; head variable in form, long, from prognathous with strongly projecting mandibles to hypognathous; antennae long, at least half as long as body (often longer than body), filiform, most with eleven antennomeres, antennal insertions exposed and often on tubercles or swellings in emarginations of eyes (between eyes and mandibles in the Prioninae, and Spondylidinae, or between eyes in the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae), antennae capable of being flexed backwards against body; pronotum variable in shape, cylindrical or flattened, with borders margined at least basally (Prioninae), or completely absent; elytra entire, sometimes very short exposing part or all of abdomen; abdomen usually with five ventrites (rarely six); procoxae from globular to wider than long, their cavities open or closed.
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: central and northern Europe, Siberia, Mongolia, Japan, Korea, north China, and North Africa (
Distribution in Canada. ON (
Distribution in USA. “Northeastern USA” (
First Canadian records. Windsor, ON in 2005 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. This species is found mostly on Pinus (
Comments. Arhopalus rusticus is native to the boreal region and coniferous forests of Eurasia. Historically, “A. rusticus” in North America was comprised of four subspecies: rusticus hesperus Chemsak and Linsley, rusticus montanus (LeConte), rusticus nubilus (LeConte), and rusticus obsoletus (Randall) (
[brown spruce longhorn beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, Asia, western Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NS (
Distribution in USA. No records.
First Canadian records. Halifax, NS in 1990 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. This species breeds in live spruce trees of low vigor, especially white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), and in fresh windfelled or cut trees (
[violet tanbark beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: widely distributed from Europe to Japan (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. MA, ME, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA (
First Canadian records. Ottawa, ON before 1884 (
First North American records. New York, NY before 1850 (
Habitat and host data. Pinus, Larix, and Picea are preferred hosts (
Comments. While some (e.g.,
[tanbark beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Among all North American Phymatodes, and in spite of its highly variable color, P. testaceus is distinguishable by the long metatarsomere 1, which is longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe and northern Africa to the Caucasus and Central Asia (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. CA, FL, IA, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, TN, WA, WI (
First Canadian records. Hemmingford, QC in 1916 (ULQ); St. Davids, ON in 1921 (DEBU); Petite Rivière, NS in 1957 (NSMC); Vancouver Island [unspecified locality], BC before 1899 (
First North American records. Eastern USA before 1845 (Haldeman, 1847, cited as P. variabilis and var. ventralis).
Habitat and host data. Adults are usually found on dead trees, woodpiles, and firewood (
Comments. While some (e.g.,
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Most similar in appearance to Phymatodes testaceus, but differs by having tarsomere 1 equal in length to 2 and 3 combined, by the densely and coarsely punctate elytra, and by the dark lateral markings on the pronotum (
Native range. Western Palearctic: Europe, the Caucasus, North Africa (Algeria), Middle East (Israel, Lebanon and Syria) and Asian Turkey (
Distribution in Canada. Found in “hoops of wine cask” at Ottawa, ON (
Distribution in USA. MA, NY, PA, VA where it has been established for decades in many widespread localities (
First Canadian records. Ottawa, ON before 1884 (
First North American records. “Middle States” before 1894 (
Habitat and host data. This species is found mostly on broadleaf trees, especially Quercus and Castanea, but also on Fagus, Ulmus, and Salix. Larvae feed in dry twigs and branches (
[old house borer]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: widespread across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. QC (
Distribution in USA. DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, LA, MD, MI, MN, MS, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TN, TX, VA (
First Canadian records. Sherbrooke, QC in 1917 (
First North American records. PA [unspecified locality] before 1806 (F.V.
Habitat and host data. In the USA, it has been found in seasoned coniferous lumber (structural wood) stored outdoors, but not in natural habitats (
[velvet longhorned beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: southeastern Armenia and southeastern European Russia to Russian Far East and China, Korean peninsula, and Japan (
Distribution in Canada. ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. CO, IL, NJ, NY, OH, PA, WI, UT (
First Canadian records. Repentigny (near Montreal), QC in 2002 (
First North American records. New Brunswick, NJ in 1997 (
Habitat and host data. In its native range, this species is found in forests and orchards on both living trees (fruit trees, particularly wild and cultivated apples and mulberries) and dead dry wood from many different host species, including Betula, Fagus, Juglans, Gleditsia, Malus (preferred), Morus (preferred), Salix, Robinia, Zelkova, Picea, and Pinus.
Comments. Many records of T. campestris in North America are based on port interceptions (44 interceptions at 13 ports) in wood packing materials and domestic detections (
[Asian longhorned beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. East Asia: broadly distributed in China, north to the Beijing region, west through Gansu Province, and south into Sichuan Province, throughout Korean peninsula and in Russian Far East (
Distribution in Canada. ON. It was first identified as an international trade interception from specimens taken from packing crates shipped to a industry in Waterloo, ON in June 1998. Populations were established outdoors in northwest Toronto and Vaughan, ON by September 2003 (
Distribution in USA. Anoplophora glabripennis was accidentally introduced into the USA in the 1990s with a population discovered in Brooklyn (Greenpoint), New York City in August 1996. Populations have been declared fully eradicated from the five boroughs of New York City as of October 2019, but some populations still persist on Long Island (
First Canadian records. Toronto and Vaughan, ON in 2003; Mississauga, ON in 2013 (
First North American records. New York, NY in 1996; Chicago, IL in 1998 (
Habitat and host data. In China, A. glabripennis infests primarily Acer, Populus, and Salix (Natural Resources Canada 2019). In North America, it was reported breeding in 18 deciduous hardwood tree species, including Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Fraxinus, Populus, Salix, Tilia, and Ulmus. Larvae bore into living trees of nearly any age and size (
[plum beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: widespread in Europe, Mediterranean region, North Africa, the Caucasus, and western Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. NB, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. ME, NH, NY, VT, south at least to MA (
First Canadian records. Domaine de la Baie Missisquoi à St-Armand, QC in 1999 (
First North American records. Colonie, NY in 1965 (Tim McCabe, personal communication); Albany (Pine Bush), NY in 1981 and 1982 (
Habitat and host data. Hosts in North America are unknown. In Europe, T. praeustus attacks many shrubs of the Rosaceae such as Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, and Rosa, but also other deciduous trees including Acer, Malus, Populus, and Quercus (
[leafy spurge stem boring beetle, red-headed leafy spurge stem borer]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. [adapted from
Native range. Palearctic: central and southern Europe, central Asia, and southwest Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, MB, ON, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. Although released in 15 states across the northern USA (1980–1986), established populations are apparently present only in CO, MN, MT, ND, NE, OR, SD, WI, and WY, but persist at very low numbers (
First Canadian records. This species was released at Cardston and Galt Island (near Medicine Hat), AB in 1979 and 1986 and eventually established (
First North American records. As above. From 1988 to 1995 it was released in CO, IA, ID, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, NV, NY, OR, RI, SD, UT, WA, WI, WY and established in nine states (see Distribution in USA section).
Habitat and host data. Oberea erythrocephala was approved for release in North America for the control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), a Eurasian perennial weed that was introduced into North America in the 19th century (
[leaf beetles]
Diagnosis (excluding Bruchinae).
Body form diverse, from oval to elongate and subparallel, cylindrical, convex or flattened; coloration and pubescence diverse, head short, oval convex or depressed, to elongate and cylindrical; antennae with 10–11 antennomeres, filiform, sometimes broadening apically, less than half as long as body in most species, insertions not on prominences; eyes entire in most species; procoxae round to wider than long, often prominent, their cavities open or closed, mesocoxae wider than long; legs with a 5-5-5 tarsomere formula, tarsomere 4 minute and hidden at base of lobes of tarsomere 3, and tarsomere 1 often enlarged in males; abdomen with five ventrites.
Diagnosis (Bruchinae).
Body compact, egg-shaped in dorsal view, broadening posterad; integument black or brown, often mottled or marked with patches of pale or brown pubescence; head prolonged into a short broad snout, closely applied to thorax in resting position, concealed from above; eyes shallowly to deeply emarginate at antennal insertions; antennae with 11 antennomeres, clubbed, serrate or pectinate; pronotum narrower than elytra; elytra short, exposing pygidium and separately rounded at apex, elytral disc with ten punctate striae; procoxae elongate, procoxal cavities partially closed behind; abdomen with five ventrites, first and fifth the longest.
[bean weevil]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–3.0 mm, oval; dorsum mostly with yellow-brown pubescence; integument of head, pronotum and elytra black except red-brown apices of elytra, pygidium and rest of abdomen and legs red-brown, basal four and last antennomeres red-brown, antennomere 5 usually red-brown basally and black apically, antennomeres 6–10 brown to black; eyes deeply emarginate in the middle; pronotum widest posterad, with rounded sides and convex disc, surface of disc coarsely and densely punctate, uniformly covered with pubescence; scutellum grooved mesally and emarginate posterad; elytral disc flattened with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly punctate interstriae, surface covered with dense pubescence forming yellow-brown and brown pattern, usually on second interval one to two elongate spots of yellow setae contrastingly reflecting from the darker surrounding pubescence; hind femora swollen, on underside with one large spine followed by one to two small spines.
Native range. Probably of Neotropical origin (Mesoamerica or northern South America) (
Distribution in Canada. BC, MB, NB?, NF, NS, ON, PE?, QC, SK? (
Distribution in USA. AL, CA, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, IA, IL, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, ME, MO, MS, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA (
First Canadian records. Chambly Bassin, QC in 1919 (CNC); Cornwall, ON in 1924 (
First North American records. This species was recognized in North America at least since its original description by Thomas Say in 1831 (type locality, USA: LA) (
Habitat and host data. It is a pest of beans (particularly Phaseolus and Vigna) (
Comments. The name Acanthoscelides obsoletus (Say) for many years was applied to the bean bruchid, A. obtectus (Say), an application that persisted until the 1960s, and even by the early 2000s it appears in the Old World literature as the name for that species (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.3–3.0 mm, oval; dorsum with grey pubescence; integument black throughout; pronotum conical, sides weakly arcuate, surface of disc with large punctures separated by 0.2–0.3 times puncture diameter; scutellum grooved mesally and emarginate posterad; base of elytra with one or two small tubercles, elytral disc slightly convex, with regular, narrow impressed striae and irregularly punctate interstriae; antennae of male longer than of female, apical antennomeres as long as or slightly longer than wide, hind femora on underside without spines, apex of hind tibiae surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine not longer than lateral spines.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC (
Distribution in USA. MT (
First Canadian records. Nicola, BC in 1922 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Hosts plants include Cynoglossum, Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., and Spartium junceum L. (
Comments. Until recently, B. cisti was referred to in the primary literature as B. unicolor, a junior synonym of B. cisti. Interpretation of the usage of names was provided by
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–3.5 mm, oval; dorsum with greyish and sparse pubescence; whole body black including antennae and legs, only antennomeres 2–4 partly red-brown; pronotum widest posterad, sides slightly rounded, surface of disc coarsely and densely punctate; scutellum grooved mesally and emarginate posterad; base of elytra without tubercles, elytral disc flattened, with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly punctate interstriae; antennae not sexually dimorphic, apical antennomeres wider than long, hind femora swollen, on underside without or with minute spine, apex of hind tibiae surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine longer than lateral spines.
The egg stage is described by
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, MA, MD, MI, NC, NJ, NY, OR, PA, VA, WA (
First Canadian records. Orsainville, QC in 1967 (
First North American records. The species was presumably accidentally introduced into the eastern USA during the early 1900s (
Habitat and host data. This species specializes on genistoid legumes, especially on Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link., and North American hosts include a number of plants in the Fabaceae (
Comments. Bruchidius villosus has appeared in the economic entomology literature under several names, including the junior synonym B. ater.
[vetch bruchid]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–3.5 mm, oval; dorsum with mixed greyish, yellow-brown and brown pubescence, moderately dense on pronotum and denser on elytra, forming a pattern, most with pale patch anterad of scutellum, and marbled pattern on sides of elytra, pygidium uniformly pale pubescent; head, elytra, thorax, abdomen, mid and hind legs black, fore legs yellow, antennae in male uniformly yellow, female with somewhat darker antennomeres 5–10; pronotum wider than long, sides on posterior half almost parallel-sided then rounded, with small lateral spine near midlength, surface with large dense punctures forming net-like pattern; scutellum emarginate posterad; elytral disc flattened, with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly punctate interstriae; antennae, fore and mid tibiae sexually dimorphic, in male antennomeres very broad, flattened, fore tibia thicker, mid tibia somewhat curved, apically on inner edge with thin, long lamella emarginate apically, in female antennomeres less broad and less flattened than in male, fore tibiae not thickened, mid tibia curved, without apical lamella; apex of hind tibiae in both sexes surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine not longer than lateral spine.
Bruchus brachialis may be readily distinguished from the other two adventive species of Bruchus (pisorum, rufimanus) now established in North America by its smaller size, pronotum much wider than long, greatly reduced pale pubescence, particularly on the elytra, and the coloration of the antennae (all antennomeres pale in male, but only basal antennomeres and terminal antennomere pale in the female). These three species may be distinguished from other North American Bruchinae by the emarginate side of the pronotum and by the small tooth before the emargination (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, Mediterranean area (
Distribution in Canada. BC, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY (
First Canadian records. Westminster, BC in 1941, in seed from Oregon (CNC); from seed grown in Norfolk Co., ON in 1953 (CNC).
First North American records. The species was first detected in 1930 in NJ and in 1931 in DE, MD, NC, OR and WA (
Habitat and host data. Hosts of this species include Fabaceae, and it breeds outdoors in some vetch species: Lathyrus sativus L., Vicia benghalensis L., Vicia caroliniana Walt., Vicia cracca L., Vicia grandiflora Scop., Vicia pannonica Crantz, Vicia sativa nigra Roots, Vicia sativa sativa L., Vicia sepium L., Vicia villosa dasycarpa Ten., and Vicia villosa villosa Roth (
[pea weevil]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.8–5.2 mm, oval; dorsum with mixed white, greyish, yellow-brown and brown pubescence, moderately dense on pronotum and elytra, forming a pattern, most with pale setal patch before scutellum, white narrow, elongate patch on third interval before the middle of elytra and transverse white patch posterolaterally (or series of circular patches), the white patches usually surrounded by brown patches, rest of elytral surface with marbled pattern of pale, brown and yellow-brown setae, pygidium with white dense pubescence and two large, brown, oval patches posterad; surface of head, elytra; thorax and abdomen black, fore legs with brown to black, femora and tibiae and tarsi red-brown, mid femora and tibiae mostly black usually with red-brown apices of tibiae, mid tarsi red-brown to brown, hind legs completely black, antennomeres 1–4 red-brown, 5–10 black, 11 mostly brown to black with red-brown apex; pronotum wider than long, sides on posterior half almost parallel then rounded, at midlength with lateral spine, surface of disc coarsely and densely punctate; scutellum grooved emarginate posterad; elytral disc flattened, with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly finely punctate interstriae; antennae sexually dimorphic, in male slightly longer than in female; mid tibiae sexually dimorphic, in male strongly curved, apically on inner edge with spine, in female straight and without apical spine, apex of hind tibiae in both sexes surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine not longer than lateral spine.
Several descriptions are available for the larval stage (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE?, QC, SK? (
Distribution in USA. AL, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, ID, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OR, PA, SC, SD, TX, UT, WA, WI (
First Canadian records. Ferryland, NF ca. 1622 (archeological excavation,
First North American records. As above. Massachusetts Bay Colony in the mid-1600s to 1675 (archaeological excavations:
Habitat and host data. This species is a pest of cultivated and stored peas (Fabaceae). Adults and larvae feed on the seeds of several pea species. The species is most destructive to the common varieties of Pisum sativum L. and adults usually emerge when peas are in storage. It does not, however, reinfest stored pea seeds because it must oviposit on green pods in the field. It has only one generation each year (
[broadbean weevil]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.2–4.6 mm, oval; dorsum with mixed white, greyish, yellow-brown and red-brown pubescence, dense on pronotum and elytra, forming a pattern, most with pale patch before scutellum, and two irregular pale bands one-third and two-thirds along length of elytral disc, rest of elytral surface with marbled pattern of pale, and dark setae, pygidium with dense pale pubescence and two small dark, oval patches posterad; integument of head, elytra, thorax and abdomen black, fore legs red-brown, middle legs in male usually completely black, in female usually black but often with red-brown tibial apices and tarsi, hind legs completely black, antennomeres 1–4 red-brown, 5–11 black; pronotum trapezoidal, at midlength with lateral spine, surface of disc with densely packed punctures of varying size; scutellum emarginate posterad; elytral disc flattened, with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly finely punctate interstriae; antennae of male slightly longer than in female, middle femora and tibiae sexually dimorphic, in male femora thickened, tibiae strongly curved, apically on inner edge with spine, in female femora not thickened, tibiae straight and without apical spine, apex of hind tibiae in both sexes surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine longer than lateral spine.
Descriptions of immature stages were provided by
Native range. Africa (
Distribution in Canada. It was collected on imported beans in BC, MB, ON, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CA, HI, LA, NH, NJ (
First Canadian records. The earliest museum specimens are from Montreal, QC in 1921 (CNC); Winnipeg, MB in 1935 (CNC); Toronto, ON before 1960 (CNC). All records are from shipments of imported beans.
First North American records. Reported as established in 1909 in CA (San Luis Obispo) and probably present not later than 1888 due to reported history of damage to stored Vicia beans (
Habitat and host data. The species is a pest of stored broad beans, Vicia faba L. and Vicia sativa L. in the USA. Twenty other legumes have been reported as hosts in the Old World, but many of these records are questionable (
[lesser cowpea weevil, adzuki bean bruchid, Chinese bruchid, mung-bean bruchid]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.4–3.0 mm, oval; dorsum with mixed white, yellow-brown and brown pubescence, dense on pronotum and elytra, forming a pattern, most with pale pronotal patch before scutellum, two large brown patches laterally at midlength of elytral disc surrounded by pale setae always forming elongate patch before half length of second interval, and large brown patches at apex of elytra, anterior half of elytral disc mostly with yellow-brown setae but often humeral area with darker patch, pygidium with dense white pubescence, with two darker patches posterad in some; integument of surface of head and pronotum red-brown to brown, surface of elytra red-brown or brown with broad diffuse paler areas, thorax and abdomen mostly red-brown to dark brown, but surface colour and setae vary and so specimens vary from strongly contrasting to nearly uniform, legs red-brown, antennae uniformly red-brown or darker apically; pronotum flared posterad, without lateral spines, surface of pronotal disc covered with nearly overlapping shallow punctures of greatly variable size; scutellum emarginate posterad; elytral disc flattened, with regular, narrow, impressed striae and irregularly finely punctate interstriae; antennae in male strongly serrate to pectinate from fourth antennomere, in female not serrate or pectinate; legs not sexually dimorphic, femora with large ventral tooth on anterior and posterior sides, apex of hind tibiae in both sexes surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine longer than lateral spine.
Native range. Palearctic: China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan (
Distribution in Canada. MB, NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. AL, CA, DC, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD, MS, NH, NY, OH, PA, SC, VA, WA (
First Canadian records. Fort Garry, MB in 1939 (CNC); Saskatoon, SK in 1969 (CNC); Halifax, NS in 1982 (NSMC;
First North American records. New Orleans, LA, bred from beans at the Exposition in 1885 (Riley and Howard, 1893), but it is not clear if the beans were imported or domestic.
Habitat and host data. This species is a pest of stored products and does not occur in the wild in Canada (
[southern cowpea weevil or cowpea seed beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.4–3.2 mm, elongate oval; dorsum with mixed white, yellow-brown and brown pubescence, forming pattern, most with pale pronotal patch before scutellum, elongate pale patch at midlength of third interval, and white patch behind diffuse spots of dark integument laterally; integument elytra and abdomen mostly red-brown with sides of elytra and apices black, the black areas larger in female than in male, pygidium extends from beneath obliquely emarginate elytra, female pygidium with two black lateral bands of dark integument, unmarked in male, legs red-brown, antennae with basal four antennomeres red-brown, then black, but last antennomere usually partly red-brown; antennae sexually dimorphic, in male longer and serrate, in female shorter and not serrate; femora with large ventral tooth on anterior and posterior sides, apex of hind tibiae in both sexes surrounded by small spines, the innermost spine longer than lateral spine; two wing morphs known, flightless (short-winged) and flying (long-winged).
Native range. Most likely originated in West Africa (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. AK, AR, AZ, CA, DC, FL, GA, HI, IA, ID, KS, LA, MD, MO, MS, NC, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA (
First Canadian records. Montreal, QC in 1924 (CNC); Saskatoon, SK in 1924 (CNC); Victoria, BC in 1958 (CNC); St. John’s, NF in 1968 (AAFC;
First North American records. Earliest records of Callosobruchus maculatus (cited as Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabricius, a synonym) “date no farther back than in 1885, when this species was found at the first Atlanta Cotton Exposition where it was infesting “black-eyed table beans” from Texas” (
Habitat and host data. This species is a pest of stored seeds of legumes (Fabaceae) including pigeon pea, chickpea, soybean, hyacinth bean, yellow pea, Spanish vetchling, blue sweet pea, lentil, tepary bean, lima bean, common bean, pea, broad bean, yellow vetch, common vetch, black bean, mung bean, and crowder pea (
[asparagus beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 5.0–6.5 mm, elongate, elytra almost parallel-sided and at least two times as long as wide; head black often with metallic blue reflection, pronotum uniform red at centre with black pattern composed with three spots, varying to having center of pronotal disc black, elytra metallic blue with yellow or orange pattern, in the most common form pale areas forms humeral spot, vitta around elytral sides and transverse spots near sides at one-third to two-thirds length of elytra, lateral spots usually combined with lateral vitta, ventral surfaces and antennae black, legs of most black with red-brown base of tibiae, or nearly entire femora and tibiae red-brown; pronotum almost cylindrical, shallowly constricted posterad, sides almost parallel to slightly convex, surface of disc with sparse punctation, in forms with dark pattern of pronotum punctation on spots denser than punctation on red parts of disc; elytral disc with regular rows of punctures, interstriae smooth and glossy; tarsal claws fused at base.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB?, BC, MB?, NB, NS, ON, PE?, QC, SK? (
Distribution in USA. AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NC, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. Quebec City, QC before 1877 (
First North American records. PA before 1806 (F.V.
Habitat and host data. Larvae and adults feed on Asparagus spp. (Liliaceae). Larvae feed on shoots in spring. In North America, it feeds exclusively on Asparagus officinalis L., but in Asia it feeds on several Asparagus species (
[twelve-spotted asparagus beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 5.0–6.5 mm, elongate but stout, elytra almost parallel-sided, less than twice as long as wide; head and pronotum red, scutellum black, elytra orange to red-brown with 12 black, round or slightly wider than long spots spread over the disc, ventral surfaces bicolored with somewhat darker metaventrite and central part of anterior abdominal ventrites, antennae, trochanters and tarsi black, femora and tibiae red-brown with black apices; pronotum almost spherical, shallowly constricted posterad, surface of disc with fine and sparse punctation; elytral disc with regular rows of punctures, interstriae smooth and glossy; tarsal claws fused at base.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, CT, DC, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NJ, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Queenston, ON in 1898 (
First North American records. Baltimore, MD in 1881 (
Habitat and host data. This species is the main pest of asparagus crops, Asparagus officinalis L. Larvae feed inside berries and adults on shoots and foliage (
[scarlet lily beetle, lily leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 6–8 mm, stout-bodied, elytra on posterior half almost parallel-sided then gradually rounded; head, scutellum, ventral surfaces, antennae and legs black, pronotum and elytra uniformly orange to red; head strongly constricted behind eyes; pronotum deeply constricted at midlength, mostly impunctate, with row of punctures along midline and a few punctures anterolaterally; elytral disc with regular rows of punctures, interstriae glossy; tarsal claws not fused at base.
Native range. Palearctic: northern Africa to Scandinavia and east to Siberia and China (
Distribution in Canada. AB, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, RI, VT (
First Canadian records. Near Montreal, QC in 1943 (CNC); Ottawa, ON in 1981 (CNC); several localities in NS in 1992 (CNC, NSMC); Portage la Prairie, MB in 1999 (
First North American records. As above. Earliest records in the USA include Cambridge, MA in 1992, ME and NH in 1997, RI in 1999, CT in 2001, VT in 1998, and NY in 2000 (
Habitat and host data. The scarlet lily beetle is a serious pest of native and cultivated lilies (Liliaceae) (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4.0–4.5 mm, elongate, elytra almost parallel-sided; body metallic blue, antennae and legs black to metallic blue; frontal grooves of head converging at acute angle; pronotum deeply constricted at midlength, with impunctate elevated section along midline, punctures on either side of the line often coarsely rugose; elytral disc with regular rows of punctures, interstriae smooth and glossy with a few fine punctures anteriorly and laterally; tarsal claws fused at base.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia – Spain to Korea (
Distribution in Canada. This species was released as a biocontrol agent of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae) in Regina, SK in 1982, Indian Head, SK in 1983, Sussex, NB in 1983–1986 (
Distribution in USA. SD [
First Canadian records. As above.
First North American records. Unknown locality in SD before 2003 (
Habitat and host data. Recorded hosts in its native range are C. arvense, and Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray (
[cereal leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4.0–4.5 mm, elongate, elytra almost parallel-sided; head and elytra black, metallic green or blue, pronotum reddish, abdominal ventrites black with metallic blue reflection, antennae black, basal four antennomeres usually with metallic blue or green reflection, legs mostly red with black tarsi, often apex of tibiae black; head with frontal grooves converging at obtuse angle; pronotum spherical, constricted posterad, sides and anterior edge punctate, and midline with row of punctures, constricted posterior part with fine and dense punctation; elytral disc with regular strial rows of punctures, interstriae mostly smooth, with a few fine punctures near base and sides; tarsal claws fused at base.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, North Africa, and central Asia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. AL, AR, CO, CT, DE, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NH, NJ, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Harrington, PE in 1944 (CNC); near Harrow, ON in 1965 (CNC); Aylmer, QC in 1972 (CNC); Grand Falls, NB in 1980 (CNC); Creston Valley, BC in 1998; Taber and Lethbridge, AB in 2005 (CNC;
First North American records. As above. The species may have arrived in the USA from Europe between 1947 and 1949 (
Habitat and host data. The species is an important pest of cereals, grains and grass forage crops, and is also a vector of viruses affecting Gramineae (
[thistle tortoise beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 6.0–7.5 mm, broadly oval bodied with shield-like flared pronotum and elytra; dorsum green in life, fading to yellow in dried specimens, often with small brown to black spot on elytral suture behind scutellum and small dark spots along base of elytra, sometimes base of elytra with large red-brown triangular spot along suture, ventral side black and pronotum, elytra and appendages, basal six antennomeres yellow, remaining antennomeres gradually more brown to black, legs mostly yellow, basal half to two-thirds length of femora black; clypeus longer than wide, with fine grooves converging at obtuse angle, clypeal plate coarsely and densely punctate, interspaces microreticulate, irregular to rugose; pronotum with acute posterior corners, pronotal disc and explanate edges coarsely and densely punctate, punctation of elytra mostly scattered but forming irregular rows on sides of disc, basal third of each elytra often with two low, longitudinal elevations; tarsal claws simple and long, reaching beyond edge of third tarsomere.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, North Africa, and Asia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CO, CT, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Lévis, QC in 1902 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. From the extensive literature review of
[azurea tortoise beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4.5–6.0 mm, subcircular to broadly oval with shield-like flared pronotum and elytra; dorsum yellow, in live specimens part of elytra covering body red, or forming triangular red spot behind scutellum, or oblique spot from humerus to the middle of the elytron, and vitta along sides of disc, sometimes the red pattern reduced to several small red-brown spots spread over the disc, in dry specimens, the pattern can partially or completely disappear, ventral surface mostly brown to black (living or dead specimens), clypeus sometimes partly yellow-brown, antennae and legs yellow, femora at base yellow to black; clypeus wider than long, with deep clypeal grooves converging in triangle, clypeal plate with a few punctures, interspaces microreticulate, dull; pronotum with round posterior corners, disc finely and sparsely punctate; punctation of elytra mostly in regular striae, interstriae not elevated, explanate sides of elytra form a shallow gutter, gutter surface rugose and irregularly punctate; tarsal claws simple, not reaching beyond edge of third tarsomere.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe to Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, MB, SK (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Released in AB (13 localities), MB (10), and SK (2) during 1989–1994 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Intentionally released in AB, MB, and SK in 1989 as part of experiments to control the perennial weed, bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) (
[pale tortoise beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4–6 mm, short oval to oval with shield-like flared pronotum; elytra dorsum yellow, often with small diffuse yellow-brown patches, occasionally pronotal and elytral discs mostly brown, clypeus yellow, ventral surface except for edges of pronotum and elytra brown to black centrally and yellow-brown laterally, basal six antennomeres yellow, remainder gradually brown, legs completely yellow; clypeus wider than long, with fine grooves converging at obtuse angle, clypeal plate with few small punctures, interspaces microreticulate but glossy; pronotum with rounded posterior corners, disc impunctate with broad shallow punctures on explanate sides, some with fine aciculate teeth; elytra punctation forming regular striae, second interstiae elevated in most, explanate sides of elytra form a shallow gutter with shallowly punctate surface; tarsal claws simple, stout and long, reaching back beyond edge of third tarsomere.
Adults of C. flaveola are smaller (4–5 mm) than those of C. rubiginosa (6–8 mm), and their elytral punctures are arranged in regular rows whereas in C. rubiginosa they are not.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT (
Distribution in USA. MA, MD, MN, MT, ND, NH, NY, OH, PA, VT, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. Rigaud, QC in 1902 (
First North American records. Earliest USA records are Beaver Dam, WI in 1896 and Duluth and Dora, MN in 1907 (
Habitat and host data. Little is known of the biology of C. flaveola in North America (
[green tortoise beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 7–10 mm, broadly oval-bodied with shield-like flared pronotum; elytra dorsum of live specimens uniformly green, fading to yellow in dried specimens, ventral surfaces black except yellow sides of abdominal ventrites, basal six antennomeres yellow, remaining antennomeres gradually brown to black, legs yellow; clypeus with fine grooves converging at obtuse angle, clypeal plate coarsely and densely punctate, interspaces microreticulate, irregular to rugose; pronotum with rounded sides in dorsal view, no posterior corners, pronotal disc and explanate margin finely punctate; punctation of elytral disc completely irregular (not forming strial rows), explanate margin of elytra coarsely and sparsely punctate; tarsal claws with basal tooth.
Cassida viridis may be distinguished from the similar C. rubiginosa by the rounded sides of the pronotum which lacks a basal angle, completely irregular elytral punctation, and large and appendiculate tarsal claws.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe and North Africa to Russia Far East and China (
Distribution in Canada. ON (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Guelph, ON in 1970 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Cassida viridis occurs on plants in the family Lamiaceae, mainly Mentha, Salvia, and Lycopus. The ON specimens were captured on Monarda sp. (
[brown mint leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 6.5–9.0 mm, oval; dorsum red-brown to brown, often with delicate metallic reflection, ventral surfaces, antennae and legs red-brown; pronotum wider than long, in basal third almost parallel-sided, then gradually narrowed anterad with straight basal and subangulate anterior corners, sides of disc slightly convex, separated from the disc by groove (deep posterad), elevated sides with several coarse punctures, disc finely and sparsely punctate; elytra punctation mostly irregular, some punctures tending to form semi-regular rows.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. NF, NS, QC (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Halifax, NS in 1897 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. According to
[St. John’s wort beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 5–7 mm, oval; dorsum metallic green, blue, yellow-green, occasionally black with metallic reflection, ventral surfaces, antennae and legs black with metallic reflection; dorsal surface of male slightly glossy, in female somewhat dull, both sexes with isodiametric microsculpture; pronotum wider than long, sides slightly convex, with straight basal and subangulate anterior corners, sides of disc not elevated, divided from the centre of the disc by a deep punctate impression only in basal one-quarter to one-third, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate; elytra with large and sparse punctures that form somewhat regular rows that tend to run in pairs separated by wider interstriae, distance between large punctures in rows several times larger than puncture diameter, not forming grooved striae, space between striae and in interstriae with completely irregular, smaller secondary punctation.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, western Asia (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, ID, MN, MT, NV, NY, OR, WA (
First Canadian records. It was introduced to BC (Fruitvale) in 1951 using material from CA, and to Edgewood in 1952 using material from OR, and established (Smith 1956). It was subsequently redistributed to numerous locations in the southern interior of BC, establishing in many places (
First North American records. The first USA introductions were in CA in 1945 and in WA in 1948 (
Habitat and host data. This species was introduced for biological control of the perennial weed St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (
[Klamath weed beetle]
(Fig.
Body length 6.5–8.5 mm, oval; dorsum metallic violet, blue, or occasionally black with metallic reflection, ventral surfaces, antennae and legs black; dorsal surface of male glossy, in female slightly dull; pronotum wider than long, sides converging from posterior to anterior, only in anterior one-third slightly convex, with subangulate anterior corners, sides of disc not elevated, only in basal one-quarter separated from the rest of the disc by deep impression and in anterior part with group of punctures, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate; elytra with large and dense punctures that form somewhat regular rows that tend to run in pairs separated by wider interstriae, not forming grooved striae, distance between large punctures in rows 3–5 times diameter of a puncture diameter, remainder of surface with completely irregular, fine secondary punctuation.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. BC, ON (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, ID, MD, MN, MT, NJ, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA, WV (
First Canadian records. It was first introduced in 1951 to BC (near Christina Lake and Westbank) using source material reared in CA, and to Fife and Edgewood, BC in 1952 using material from ID (Smith 1956). It was subsequently redistributed to numerous locations in the southern interior of BC, resulting in establishment in many places (Smith 1956,
First North American records. First introduced into the USA (CA) from Australia in 1945 to control Klamath weed (or St. John’s wort), Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (
Habitat and host data. Chrysolina quadrigemina is generally specific to H. perforatum (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4.5–6.0 mm, oval; dorsum metallic green, blue, violet, copper or yellow-green, ventral surfaces, antennae and legs black with metallic reflection; pronotum wider than long, narrowed anterad, sides almost straight to slightly convex, with angulate posterior and anterior corners, sides of disc not elevated, densely punctate, only at posterior, separated from the rest of the disc by short, shallow impression, central part of disc finely punctate; punctation of elytra completely irregular, interspaces generally not wider or slightly wider than puncture diameter, glossy with shallow fine microsculpture.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, Siberia (
Distribution in Canada. BC (
Distribution in USA. CA, ID (
First Canadian records. Specimens from Sweden were released at Westbrook, BC in 1957 and at Castlegar, BC in 1958 (MacLeod 1962,
First North American records. First introduced into the USA (CA) from Australia in 1950 (
Habitat and host data. Used for biological control of St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (
[knotweed leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4–5 mm, elongate, almost parallel-sided; head and elytra metallic green or blue, pronotum orange to red, most of ventral surface black with metallic reflection, antennomeres 1–4 usually completely red, often first antennomere partly black or antennomeres 1–4 red basally and black apically, antennomere 5 mostly-to-completely black, antennomeres 6–11 black, occasionally whole antennae black, femora and tibiae red-brown, tarsi red-brown basally and black apically; pronotum wider than long, sides feebly convex, with rounded basal and anterior corners, whole surface of disc convex without swollen sides, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate; punctation of elytra completely irregular, distance between punctures 1–2 times as wide as puncture diameter, surface between punctures glossy.
Gastrophysa polygoni can be confused with Oulema melanopus (L.) as they occur in the same habitats and are superficially similar. However, G. polygoni possesses a lateral bead on the pronotum and elytral punctures are not arranged in regular rows, whereas the sides of the pronotum are rounded in O. melanopus and its elytral punctures are arranged in regular rows (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe east to Siberia, China, and Turkmenistan (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC?, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CT, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, VT, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Undisclosed locality in NS in approximately 1827 (
First North American records. The earliest records in North America are from IN before 1826, described under the name Chrysomela caeruleipennis Say (
Habitat and host data. Gastrophysa polygoni is one of the commonest leaf beetles in cereal fields where it feeds on Polygonum spp., Fallopia spp., and Rumex spp. (
[watercress leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–4.0 mm, almost circular in dorsal view; dorsum black with metallic brass or copper reflections, ventral surfaces black, or with part of abdominal ventrite 5 red-brown, antennae mostly black, basal three to four antennomeres often on underside or apically red-brown, legs brown-black, tarsi red-brown to brown; pronotum wider than long, sides feebly and regularly convex, with obtuse-to-curved basal and anterior corners, whole surface of disc slightly convex without swollen sides, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate; punctation of elytra with completely regular rows of punctures, forming impressed striae in some places, with finely and sparsely punctate interstriae, surface between punctures glossy, humeral callus weak.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT (
Distribution in USA. AK, AZ, CA, CO, DC, IA, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. Edmonton, AB in 1918 (CNC); Onah, MB in 1920 (CNC); Laprairie, QC in 1927 (CNC); Summerland, BC in 1931 (CNC); Prince Edward Co., ON in 1933 (CNC); Yorkton, SK in 1945 (CNC); Reindeer Depot, NT in 1948 (CNC).
First North American records. New York, NY in 1917 (
Habitat and host data. In North America, this species is associated with cultivated horseradish, Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb., and watercress, Nasturtium officinale (Aiton) (Brassicaceae) (
[imported willow leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–4.5 mm, male short-oval, female oval, flattened; dorsum black with metallic blue, violet or green elytra, ventral surfaces black or black with green metallic reflection, antennomeres 1–2 brown dorsally and red-brown ventrally, antennomeres 3–6 usually red-brown to gradually darker, apical antennomeres black, femora and tibiae black, tarsi from red-brown to dark brown; pronotum wider than long, sides feebly, regularly convex, with obtuse to curved basal and anterior corners, disc slightly convex without swollen sides or sublateral basal impressions, finely and sparsely punctate; punctation of elytra moderate, completely irregular, humeral callus strong.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, MB, NB, NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. CT, DC, DE, IA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, WV (
First Canadian records. Prince Edward Co., ON in 1941 (CNC); undisclosed locality in QC in 1942 (
First North American records. Staten Island, NY and an undisclosed locality in NJ from 1911–1915 (
Habitat and host data. This species, including Palearctic populations, is associated with Salicaceae and has been reported from Populus deltoides Marshall, Populus nigra L., and numerous species of Salix, including S. alba L., S. babylonica L., S. caprea L., S. caroliniana Michx., S. discolor Muhl., S. interior Rowlee, S. fragilis L., S. integra Thunb., S. lasiolepis Benth., S. lucida Muhl., S. miyabeana Seemen, S. nigra Marsh., S. nigricans Smith, S. pentandra L., S. phylicifolia L., and S. sachalinensis Fr. Schm. (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.3–4.0 mm, oval; dorsum metallic green, antennae, legs and ventral surfaces black, often with green metallic reflection; pronotum wider than long, at posterior with deep transverse impression, disc finely and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; base of elytra only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely, completely, and irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus present; legs not robust, hind femora slightly swollen, first tarsomere of fore and mid tarsi broader in male than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. Released in AB, BC, NS, and ON but did not establish (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, DE, ID, IN, MD, MN, MT, NJ, NV, OR, SD, WA, WI (
First Canadian records. The earliest releases occurred in AB and ON in 1963, BC in 1964, and NS in 1966 to aid in the control of the perennial adventive weed Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli. Most did not survive in open fields with the exception of a small colony at Lacombe, AB that survived only until 1968 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Adults and larvae feed on leaves of Canada thistle (
[brown dot leafy spurge flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.8–4.0 mm, oval; dorsum yellow-brown to orange-brown, head and hind femora usually slightly darker than pronotum and elytra, sutural edge of elytra and scutellum often (and ventral surfaces usually) orange-brown, antennae completely pale or 4–5 apical antennomeres slightly darker; head with strong frontal tubercles; pronotum wider than long, without transverse impression, surface of disc extremely finely and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely, completely and irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora swollen, in male first tarsomere of foreleg slightly broader than in female.
Preliminary DNA characterization with multiple genes suggests that morphological identification may not be reliable for distinguishing some Aphthona species introduced into Canada and the USA for biocontrol of leafy spurge (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, ON, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CO, IA, ID, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, RI, SD, WA, WI, WY (
First Canadian records. First releases in 1982 were near Cardston, AB; Caron, SK; Cypress River, MB; Braeside, ON; and Baie-Saint-Paul, QC (
First North American records. As above. During 1986 to 1995, it was widely released in leafy spurge infestations in 17 states across the northern USA (
Habitat and host data. Aphthona cyparissiae is used as a biocontrol agent against the perennial weed, leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). The host range of A. cyparissiae appears restricted to plants in the subgenus Esula of the genus Euphorbia. This species, including Palearctic populations, is associated with several Euphorbia species, including E. cyparissias L., E. esula, E. peplus L., E. seguieriana Neck., and E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (Euphorbiaceae) (
[black leafy spurge flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.8–3.5 mm, oval; dorsum dark metallic green or blue, or black with metallic reflections, legs and basal antennomeres yellow, apical antennomeres somewhat darker and hind femora brown to black; head with strong frontal tubercles; pronotum only slightly wider than long, without transverse impression, surface of disc extremely fine and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; elytra in anterior third almost parallel-sided, then converging posterad, base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely and irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus strong; legs with hind femora swollen, in male first tarsomere slightly broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, ON, SK (
Distribution in USA. CO, IA, ID, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, OR, SD, WA, WI, WY (
First Canadian records. The species was first released at Spring Coulee, AB in 1985 and again in 1993 (
First North American records. See above. First released in USA in MT and SD in 1998 (
Habitat and host data. Aphthona czwalinae is used as a biocontrol agent against the rangeland weed, leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. (
[copper leafy spurge flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.8–4.3 mm, oval; whole dorsum yellow to orange yellow, hind femora usually slightly darker than pronotum and elytra, sutural edge and scutellum not darker than surface of elytral disc; head with strong frontal tubercles; pronotum wider than long, without transverse impression, surface of disc extremely finely and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely, irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora swollen, male with first tarsomere of foreleg slightly broader than in female.
Preliminary DNA characterization with multiple genes suggests that morphological identification may not be reliable for distinguishing some Aphthona species introduced into Canada and the USA for biocontrol of leafy spurge (
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NS?, ON, QC, SK? (
Distribution in USA. CO, IA, ID, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, NV, NY, OR, RI, SD, UT, WA, WI, WY (
First Canadian records. The first releases were in 1982 near Cardston, AB; Caron, SK; Cypress River, MB; Braeside, ON; and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC (
First North American records. As above. It was first released into the USA in ND in 1985, MT in 1985–1987, and ID in 1986 (
Habitat and host data. Like other Aphthona species that feed on Euphorbia species, the adults of A. flava feed on leaves and flower bracts, and the larvae feed upon the root hairs and roots. Mature larvae overwinter and pupate in late spring or early summer (
[black flea beetle, brown-legged leafy spurge flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–3.4 mm, body elongate-oval, elytra converging posterad; dorsum black with metallic green, brass or blue reflections, legs and basal antennomeres yellow, apical antennomeres and femora somewhat darker; head with strong frontal tubercles; pronotum only slightly wider than long, without transverse impression, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely and irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora swollen, in male first tarsomere slightly broader than in female.
Preliminary DNA characterization with multiple genes suggests that morphological identification may not be reliable for distinguishing some Aphthona species introduced into Canada and the USA for biocontrol of leafy spurge (
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, SK (
Distribution in USA. ID, MT, ND, OR, WA, WY (
First Canadian records. First released near Spruce Grove, AB in 1990 (
First North American records. As above. Aphthona lacertosa was originally approved for release in the USA in 1993. Through 1995, it had been widely released in mixed populations with A. czwalinae in leafy spurge infestations across the northern USA (
Habitat and host data. Aphthona lacertosa is a biological control agent for leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. (
[black dot leafy spurge flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.0–4.1 mm, oval; whole dorsum yellow to orange-yellow, apical antennomeres somewhat darker, mouth parts, hind femora and scutellum always darker than disc of pronotum and elytra, abdomen usually partly black; head with strong frontal tubercles; pronotum wider than long, without transverse impression, surface of disc extremely finely and sparsely punctate, glossy between punctures; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc finely and irregularly punctate, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora swollen, in male first tarsomere not broader than in female.
Preliminary DNA characterization with multiple genes suggests that morphological identification may not be reliable for distinguishing some Aphthona species introduced into Canada and the USA for biocontrol of leafy spurge (
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NS, ON, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CO, IA, ID, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, NV, NY, OR, RI, SD, UT, WA, WI, WY (
First Canadian records. The earliest releases were near Cardston, AB in 1983 (
First North American records. See above. It was first released in the USA in MT in 1989 (http://mtwow.org/Aphthona-nigriscutis.htm).
Habitat and host data. Aphthona nigriscutis is a biological control agent used in Canada for control of leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae). This species feeds on the roots of host plants. Palearctic populations of this species are associated with several Euphorbia species, including E. cyparissias L. E. esula, E. gracilis Elliott, E. pannonica Host, E. seguieriana Neck, and E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (
[brassy flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.4 mm, oval; head and pronotum metallic brass, copper, elytra sometimes dark green, elytra black with faint metallic reflections, first antennomere dorsally brown, antennomeres 2–10 gradually darker from yellow-brown to brown, last antennomere brown to black, femora black, tibiae and tarsi red-brown, tibiae often darker at midlength; frons with two groups of fine punctures near edge of eye; pronotum only slightly wider than long, at posterior with two short sublateral longitudinal impressions but without transverse impression, pronotal disc densely punctate, interspaces glossy to microreticulate; base of elytra only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with regular impressed strial rows of dense punctures, interspaces glossy with very fine, sparse, and irregular punctation, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae with dorsal edge emarginate near apex, in male first tarsomere broader than in female. For genitalic illustrations, see
Native range. Palearctic: throughout Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. MA, ME, OR, TX (
First Canadian records. Hatfield Point, NB in 1981 (CNC); Igonish Center, NS in 1983; Charlottetown, PE in 1985 (
First North American records. This species was first reported in North America from a female specimen collected on sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) on a farm in Hingham, MA in 1979 (
Habitat and host data. Chaetocnema concinna occurs in a wide variety of habitats, in forests, fields, and prairies (
[cereal stem flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.7–2.2 mm, oval; color metallic brass, copper or slightly green, first four antennomeres yellow, antennomeres 5–7 gradually darker from yellow-brown to brown, last antennomere brown to black, tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, occasionally tibiae infuscate in the middle, fore and mid femora the same colour as tibiae or slightly darker yellowish-brown, hind femora dark brown to black; frons on whole surface with moderately coarse punctation; pronotum wider than long, without sublateral longitudinal or transverse impressions, pronotal disc coarsely and densely punctate, interspaces as wide as punctures, microreticulate; base of elytra not wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc in postscutellar area with numerous irregular punctures, laterally and posteriorly with more or less regular impressed strial rows of dense punctures, interspaces glossy with very fine and sparse, irregular punctation, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae with dorsal edge emarginate near apex, in male first tarsomere distinctly broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: widespread across the region (
Distribution in Canada. BC, LB, NF, NS, ON (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Elmwood, NS in 2005 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Chaetocnema hortensis mainly feeds on various grasses (Poaceae), including cereal crop species (
Comments. Chaetocnema hortensis has previously been confused with C. borealis White in Canada (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.5–2.0 mm, oval; body black, legs and antennae mostly yellowish to reddish only hind femora reddish-brown to dark brown and last 2–4 antennomeres infuscate; pronotum transverse, anterior corners form blunt denticle, sides rounded, disc moderately convex with two basal, deep longitudinal furrows and deeply impressed area between the furrows, surface of disc mostly coarsely and densely punctate, interspaces with alutaceous microsculpture; base of elytra wider than base of pronotum, disc with regular rows of moderately coarse but dense punctures, interspaces with alutaceous microsculpture, whole surface of elytra with long, erect, white hair; humeral callus marked; antennae long, longer than half length of body, legs slim, hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical notches or spurs; sexual dimorphism indistinct, first segment of fore tarsi in male only slightly wider than in female, antennae in male slightly longer than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: widespread across much of Europe and Russia (
Distribution in Canada. NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. IL, MA, NH, NY, OR, WI (
First Canadian records. Montreal, QC and Wellington County, ON in 1975 (
First North American records. As above. The earliest USA record is from Rochester, NY in 1983 (
Habitat and host data. Adults and larvae are oligophagous, and in the Palearctic they attack solanaceous hosts, mostly Solanum dulcamara L. and Hyoscyamus niger L., and occasionally Atropa belladonna L.; adults recently were observed also on potato in Portugal (
[mint flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–2.5 mm, oval; whole dorsum orange-brown or amber-yellow, with head brown-black in some, basal antennomeres yellow, from sixth antennomere gradually darker to apex, legs yellow, femora usually slightly darker than tibiae, orange-brown; frontal tubercles separated from remainder of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc punctate, interspaces from glossy to slightly microreticulate; base of elytra slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular, fine punctures, not aligned into striae, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with long apical spur, only slightly shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of foreleg not sexually dimorphic.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, Caucasus, North Africa (
Distribution in Canada. ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. ID, IN, MI, NY, OR, WA (
First Canadian records. Prince Edward County, ON in 1920 (CNC); Montreal, QC in 1979 (CNC); Chappell, PE in 1982 (CNC).
First North American records. As above. The earliest records for the USA are from near Fennville and Decatur, MI in 1922, possibly introduced on mint roots (Mentha sp.) imported from England (cited as Longitarsus waterhousei Kutschera (
Habitat and host data. This species feeds on Mentha spp., and is a pest of cultivated varieties. It is also on species of Lycopus and Teucrium in Europe (Lamiaceae) (
[ragwort flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.6–3.4 mm, oval; almost whole body ochre to red-brown, apical antennomeres not or slightly darker, hind femora slightly darker than tibiae; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum slightly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with irregularly spaced fine punctures, not aligned into striae, interspaces somewhat dull, humeral callus absent; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg only slightly broader than in female, first tarsomere of hind leg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Adults of Longitarsus flavicornis and Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse) closely resemble one another. Longitarsus flavicornis appears more red-brown than the paler yellow L. jacobaeae, has reduced humeral calli while in L. jacobaeae humeral calli are distinct, the aedeagus is more constricted at midlength than in L. jacobaeae, and the ventral membrane of the aedeagus on the posterior half is striated laterally while in L. jacobaeae the membrane is without striation or with very short, indistinct striation.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe, North Africa (
Distribution in Canada. BC (
Distribution in USA. MT, OR (
First Canadian records. The first release of L. flavicornis is believed to have been near Nanaimo, BC in 1974 and was an inadvertent release of specimens included in a shipment of L. jacobaeae from England (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Introduced in the Coastal Douglas-fir Biogeoclimatic Zone of BC for biological control of tansy ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn (Asteraceae) (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.3–2.5 mm, oval; head, ventral surfaces and apical 6–7 antennomeres black, basal antennomeres, pronotum and elytra yellow to yellow-brown, elytra bordered by brown longitudinal stripe along suture in most, sometimes also pronotal sides with diffuse brown patches, legs yellow, tarsi at least with tarsomeres 3–5 darker, hind femora brown to black dorsally and yellow-brown ventrally; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrow; pronotum slightly wider than long, without transverse impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces usually slightly dull and often microreticulate; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with irregular punctures, punctures not arranged into striae, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of foreleg sexually dimorphic, in male broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. MB, NB, NS, PE?, QC? (
Distribution in USA. OR (
First Canadian records. Glenlea, MB in 1978 (
First North American records. Linn Co., OR in 1976 (
Habitat and host data. In Europe and North America, this species is recorded from various ragwort species, Senecio spp. (Asteraceae) (
[tansy ragwort flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–4.0 mm, oval; almost whole body orange-brown or amber-yellow, only antennomeres 5–11 gradually darker, mouthparts and tarsomeres 3–5 brown, hind femora not or only slightly darker than tibiae; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum slightly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular, fine punctures which are not arranged into striae, interspaces somewhat dull, humeral calli absent; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg only slightly broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB?, NS, PE (
Distribution in USA. CA, OR, WA (
First Canadian records. This species was first released (and established) in Canada at Vancouver, BC in 1971 using stock from California that had originated near Rome, Italy (
First North American records. Releases in the USA began in 1969 in CA (
Habitat and host data. This species was introduced to Canada as a biocontrol agent targeting the perennial weed tansy ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. It also occasionally breeds on other Jacobaea spp. (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.1 mm, oval; head yellowish-brown to black, pronotum and elytra yellow to yellow-brown, elytral suture in posterior two-thirds or more black, scutellum and ventral surfaces brown to black, antennomeres 1–3 yellow, more distal antennormeres gradually darker, legs yellow with hind femora brown to black, in dark specimens whole suture, basal margin of pronotum and lateral margins of elytra black; frontal tubercles not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum distinctly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces with diffused microreticulation; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular, fine punctures, punctures not arranged into striae, interspaces microreticulate, humeral callus variably present; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, with apical spur shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of fore leg broader in male than female, first tarsomere of hind leg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: widespread in Europe, throughout Eurasia to China and the Russian Far East (
Distribution in Canada. ON (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Cornwall, ON in 2016 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. This species feeds on Plantago species, especially P. major L. (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.6–2.4 mm, oval; colour extremely variable, in the most common form dorsum uniformly yellow-brown, with yellow-brown basal antennomeres and legs, and brown apical antennomeres and hind femora, but other specimens almost uniformly yellow to nearly dark brown with paler basal antennomeres tibiae and tarsi, or bicoloured, red-brown with dark brown stripe along suture and paler spots on humeri and in apices of elytra; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum slightly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc punctate, interspaces from glossy to microreticulate, dull; base of elytra slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular punctures, which are not arranged into striae, interspaces from glossy to slightly dull, humeral callus absent; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae curved, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. CT, ME, VT (
First Canadian records. Truro, NS in 1913 (CNC specimens); Lauzon, QC in 1921 (CNC); Prince Edward Co., ON in 1925 (CNC); Bathurst, NB in 1939 (CNC); widespread in NF in 1949 (CNC).
First North American records. As above. The first published USA record is Amston, Tolland Co., CT in 1979 (
Habitat and host data. Larvae are reported as leafminers of Plantago in Europe (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–2.4 mm, oval; almost whole body pale yellow-brown, only antennomeres 5–11 gradually darker, and ventral surfaces and hind femora darker; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular, fine punctures which are not arranged into striae, but forming irregular rows in some, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae slightly curved, with short apical spur, spur shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. ON, QC? (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded. As it is known from adjacent parts of Canada, it possibly occurs in the northeastern USA.
First Canadian records. Prince Edward Co., ON from sometime between 1926 to 1955 (CNC;
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. In Europe, this species is recorded mostly from Convolvulus spp. and Calystegia spp. (Convolvulaceae) (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.4–1.8 mm, oval; head brown to black, pronotum and elytra yellow to yellow-brown, scutellum and ventral surfaces brown to black, antennomeres 1–5 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker, legs yellow with hind femora brown to black and last two tarsomeres somewhat darker, in dark specimens pronotum often partly darker and elytral suture narrowly brown; frontal tubercles softly marked, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; pronotum distinctly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces microreticulate; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with irregular, fine punctures, punctures not arranged into striae, interspaces microreticulate, humeral callus strong; legs short, hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, with apical spur shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of foreleg broader in male than female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. NC, NY, TN, VA, WV (
First Canadian records. Aylmer, QC in 1924 (CNC); Southampton, ON in 1939 (CNC;
First North American records. As above. The earliest published USA record is from Ithaca, NY in 1928 (
Habitat and host data. In Europe, most collections are from Plantago spp. (Plantaginaceae). In North America, it is associated with Plantago major L. and P. lanceolata L. (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–3.3 mm, short oval; head, pronotum and ventral surfaces black, elytra black, with four diffuse yellow-red spots in most specimens, two on humeri and two apically, sometimes humeral and apical spots elongated and connected together to form a lateral stripe, occasionally whole elytra black, antennomeres 1–5 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker, apical antennomeres black, legs mostly yellow, hind femora brown to black and tarsomeres 3–5 darker; frontal tubercles lightly marked, separated from the remaining surface of frons by shallow transverse furrows; pronotum slightly wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with irregular punctures, punctures not arranged in striae, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC (
Distribution in USA. The species was not released in the USA, and natural spread from established populations in Canada to the USA has not yet been documented.
First Canadian records. The first releases were in Kamloops, BC in 1998–1999 and Lethbridge, AB in 1999 for control of the perennial weed, houndstongue, Cynoglossum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Adults feed on aerial plant parts of houndstongue while the larvae mine in the cortex of the taproot and in secondary roots (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.7 mm, oval; almost whole body yellow to yellow-brown, including legs and antennae, sometimes hind femora and apical antennomeres orange-brown, autumn generation usually darker than summer generation; frontal tubercles somewhat elevated, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; antennae long, in male as long as in female, slightly shorter than body length; pronotum wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc fine and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; elytra base not wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with irregular punctures, not arranged into striae, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae slightly curved, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg slightly broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NS, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. Not yet recorded but it is expected that spread from Canada will occur.
First Canadian records. Prince Edward Co., ON in 1957 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. In Europe, this species is recorded mostly from Convolvulus spp. and Calystegia spp. (Convolvulaceae) (
[chrysanthemum flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.7–2.4 mm, oval; almost whole body yellow-brown, including legs and antennae, sometimes hind femora and apical antennomeres darker; frontal tubercles weak, not separated from the remaining surface of frons by transverse furrows; antennae very long, as long as or slightly longer than body length; pronotum wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc extremely fine and sparsely punctate, interspaces glossy; elytra base not wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with irregular, fine and sparse punctures, not arranged into striae, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae slightly curved, with short apical spur, shorter than width of apex of hind tibia, first tarsomere of male foreleg not broader than in female, first tarsomere of hindleg longer than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NF (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. St. John’s, NF before 1926 [as Longitarsus ovalis Genter, a synonym of L. succineus (CNC;
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. In Europe, hosts include mostly composites, such as Achillea, Artemesia, Chrysanthemum, Eupatorium, and Jacobaea. In North America, host plants are not yet determined (
[loosestrife flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.3 mm, short-oval; whole body, including legs and antennae, yellowish to rusty, in the darkest specimens red-brown, sutural margin in posterior two-thirds or more brown to black; frons impunctate, glossy; pronotum much wider than long, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces smooth and more or less glossy; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytral disc with regular, moderately coarse punctures, arranged into striae, interspaces smooth and more or less glossy; hind femora moderately swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical excavation and spurs, first tarsomere of foreleg broader in male than female, first tarsomere of hindleg shorter than tarsomeres 2–5 combined.
Native range. Palearctic: Widespread in Europe, scattered records in Asia to East Siberia and Japan (
Distribution in Canada. ON (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Cambridge, ON in 2017 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Lythraria salicariae occurs in wetland and marshy shoreline habitats as well as in forest depressions (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.5 mm, elongate; dorsum usually red-brown to brown-black with brass or copper reflection, pale specimens often red-brown with indistinct metallic reflection, basal six antennomeres red-brown, first two often brown dorsally, distal five antennomeres brown to black, legs mostly red-brown, hind femora brown; antennae <50% length of body; pronotum wider than long, sides regularly rounded, disc convex with two basal, longitudinal furrows, but without transverse furrow, surface of disc with coarse punctures separated by twice their average diameter, interspaces somewhat microreticulate; elytra base not wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular impressed rows of strial punctures, interspaces from glossy to dull, humeral callus low; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae narrow in basal half then broadened apically, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI (
First Canadian records. Prince Edward County, ON in 1900 (CNC); Aweme, MB in 1908 (CNC); Lethbridge, AB in 1939 (CNC); Imperoyal, NS in 1947 (CNC); several localities in NF in 1949 (CNC); Hull, QC in 1954 (CNC); Saskatoon, SK in 1976 (CNC).
First North American records. As above. The first published USA record is from Framingham, MA before 1950 (
Habitat and host data. This species appears to be oligophagous on a small number of plants in the genus Rumex (Polygonaceae) (
[European rusted flea beetle, wheat flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.7–3.6 mm, elongate; body uniformly yellow-red to red, including legs and antennae; antennae >50% length of body; pronotum wider than long, sides rounded, disc convex with two posterior, deep longitudinal impressions and connected by a deep transverse impression, surface of disc finely and sparsely impunctate and glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular impressed strial rows of punctures, interstriae glossy, humeral callus low; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Niagara Falls, ON in 1977 (CNC;
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Adults are polyphagous and larvae attack several cultivated cereals (Poacaeae). Little is known about its biology in North America. Although numerous “hosts” are reported for adults of N. ferruginea, most cannot be considered larval hosts since larval development was observed only in a few species of Poaceae (
[horseradish flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.5–3.5 mm, oval; head, pronotum and scutellum black, elytra mostly yellow with broad, black stripe along suture and narrow black stripe surrounding disc, humeri yellow, antennomeres 1–3 yellow, first antennomere sometimes darker dorsally, antennomeres 4–11 black, tibiae and tarsi yellow, fore and mid femora mostly brown to black with yellow-brown apex, hind femora black, sometimes also last two tarsomeres darker; frons with group of small punctures; pronotum wider than long, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces about two times puncture diameter and glossy or with diffuse microreticulation; elytra base slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with completely irregular, fine punctation not arranged into strial rows, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE?, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CT, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, SD, WA, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. The earliest accessioned specimen in a collection is from Montreal, QC in 1910 (CNC); however, the earliest published record from Canada is from an undisclosed locality in ON in 1908 (
First North American records. Chicago, IL in 1893 (
Habitat and host data. In its native range, P. armoraciae is considered a monophagous species feeding only on horseradish, Armoracia lapathifolia Usteri (Brassicaecae) (
[crucifer flea beetle, cabbage flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.5 mm, elongate to elongate-oval; dorsum black with green or blue metallic reflection, antennomeres 1–4 yellow but often antennomeres 1 and 4 partly darker, antennomeres 5–11 black, legs mostly black, apex of femur, basal parts of tibiae and tarsi often red-brown to brown; frons with group of small punctures; pronotum wider than long, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc finely punctate with punctures separated by 1.0–1.5 times average puncture diameter, interspaces with diffuse microreticulation; elytra base slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, disc mostly with irregular punctation, punctures often tend to form somewhat regular rows but strial rows not coherent for entire length of elytra, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg slightly broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, IL, MA, MD, ME, MN, MT, ND, NH, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Agassiz, BC in 1921 (CNC;
First North American records. As above. The earliest published USA records include Friday Harbor, WA in 1926 (
Habitat and host data. Host plants include mainly mustards and related plants (Brassicaceae), but especially canola (
[radish flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.6–2.0 mm, elongate to elongate-oval; dorsum black without metallic reflection, antennomeres 1–4 yellow but often antennomeres 1 and 4 partly darker, antennomeres 5–11 black, legs mostly black, basal parts of tibiae and first tarsomere often red-brown to brown; frons with group of small punctures; pronotum wider than long, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc finely but densely punctate, interspaces with microreticulation; elytra base slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with completely irregular punctation, not arranged into strial rows, interspaces microreticulate, humeral callus weak; hind femora swollen, hind tibiae straight, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg slightly broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NB?, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. NY, PA (cited as P. aerea,
First Canadian records. Vineland, ON in 1937 (CNC;
First North American records. Rochester, NY in 1919–1921 (
Habitat and host data. The species is associated mainly with various Brassicaceae. The junior synonym, P. aerea, was reported from Alliaria, Arabis, Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey., & Scherb. (synonym: Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.), Brassica spp., Bunias spp., Cakile maritima Scop., Erysimum verrucosum Boiss & Gaill., Isatis tinctoria L., Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br., Raphanus sativus L. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All., Sinaspis arvensis L., and Sisymbrium altissimum L. (
[striped flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–2.2 mm, elongate-oval; head, pronotum and scutellum black, elytra black with yellow pattern forming elongate patch on each elytron, sutural area black, broad with parallel sides at midlength and narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, black colour surrounds disc, humeri always black, yellow patch deeply emarginate laterally by black colour, not reaching apex or side of elytra, antennomeres 1–3 from yellow to black, remaining antennomeres black, legs mostly black, knee, basal parts of tibiae and tarsi sometimes red-brown to brown; frons with group of small punctures; antennomere 5 as long as 2 and 3 combined in male, slightly flattened; pronotum wider than long, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by 0.7 to 1.5 times average puncture diameter, interspaces glossy or with with diffuse microreticulation; elytra base slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with fine punctation, irregular but slightly arranged in short rows in some, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora swollen, hind tibiae straight or slightly curved, without apical spur, first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT (
Distribution in USA. AK and lower 48 states (
First Canadian records. Quebec City, QC before 1759 (
First North American records. Boston, MA from 1675–1740 (
Habitat and host data. Phyllotreta striolata is a specialist on plants of the family Brassicaceae, attacking cabbage as well as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards, horseradish, kale, kohlrabi, mustards, radish, rutabaga, turnip, and also other garden plants (
[European potato flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–2.6 mm, oval; head red-brown to black, scutellum brown-black, pronotum and elytra from yellow to orange-brown, elytral suture narrowly black, fore and mid legs yellow to orange-brown, femora sometimes darker basally, hind femora brown to black, hind tibiae and tarsi yellow to orange-brown, antennae with 10 yellow antennomeres; frons microreticulate, without punctures; pronotum wider than long with angulate to acute anterior corners, sides softly, regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by 1.0–1.5 times average diameter, interspaces glossy or microreticulate; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular strial rows of punctures that are weakly impressed, interspaces glossy with or with weak microreticulation, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae curved, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia at four-fifths tibial length (i.e., apex of tibia extends beyond attachment), first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NS, ON, PE?, QC (
Distribution in USA. MA, MD, ME, MI, NH, NY, OH, PA, RI, UT, WA, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. Guelph, ON in 1972 (DEBU); Montreal, QC in 1980 (CNC); Halifax, NS in 2001 (CNC); Abbotsford, BC in 2008 (CNC).
First North American records. Albany and Greene Counties, NY in 1968 (
Habitat and host data. Psylliodes affinis, a specialized feeder on Solanaceae, prefers bitter nightshade, Solanum dulcamara L., but often feeds on potato, S. tuberosum L. It is usually only a minor pest of potato but sometimes causes severe local infestations. Adults may attack other solanaceous hosts, including tobacco, tomato, black henbane, and Lycium sp., and occasionally hops (Cannabinaceae) (
[cabbage stem flea beetle, rape flea beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.2–4.6 mm, elongate-oval; head at least partly red-brown, pronotum, scutellum and elytra in most specimens metallic green or blue, some with whole head and pronotum red-brown, or pronotum metallic green and elytra yellow to yellow-brown, fore and mid legs yellow, hind femora brown to black, hind tibiae and tarsi yellow, antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–3 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker; frons microreticulate, without punctures; pronotum wider than long with obtuse anterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by about 1.0 to 1.5 times average puncture diameter, interspaces glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular strial rows of punctures, striae not impressed, interstriae glossy, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia at four-fifths tibial length (i.e., apex of tibia extends beyond attachment), first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia, North Africa, northern and western Asia (
Distribution in Canada. NF (
Distribution in USA. NY (
First Canadian records. St. John’s, NF in 1950 (AAFC, CNC); Topsail, NF in 1951 (
First North American records. As above. The specific locality and the date for the NY record is unknown.
Habitat and host data. This species is highly injurious to cultivated crucifers (Brassicaceae) in the Palearctic Region. It was reported to attack rape at Topsail, NF (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.0–3.0 mm, oval; dorsum metallic brass or copper, or brown-black with weak iridescence, fore and mid legs yellow to yellow-brown, hind femora brown to black, hind tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellow-brown, antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–4 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker; frons punctate; pronotum only slightly wider than long with angulate anterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by a distance approximately equal to the puncture diameter, interspaces glossy or in female with diffuse microreticulation; elytra base slightly wider than posterior of pronotum, elytra converging posterad, disc with regular strial rows of dense punctures, striae impressed on outer parts of elytra, interstriae glossy or in female with diffuse microreticulation, humeral callus not marked; hind wings reduced; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia at two-thirds tibial length (i.e., apex of tibia extends beyond attachment), first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NS, ON?, QC (
Distribution in USA. NH (
First Canadian records. Chatham, NB in 1928 (CNC); multiple locations in QC in 1954 (CNC).
First North American records. As above. The specific locality and the date for the NH record is unknown.
Habitat and host data. This species, including Palearctic populations, is apparently associated with Poaceae, and has been recorded from Agropyron cristatum (L.) P. Gaertn., Agropyron desertorum (F.E.L. Fischer ex Link) Schult., Eremopyrum cristatum (L.) Willk. & Lange, Festuca ovina L., and Poa pratensis (L.) (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.1–3.3 mm, oval; dorsum black with metallic blue reflections, legs yellow except for brown to black hind femora, antennae with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–3 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker; frons finely punctate; pronotum wider than long with angulate anterior corners, sides regularly rounded, elytral disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by 1.0–1.5 puncture diameters, interspaces glossy or with diffuse microreticulation; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular strial rows of punctures, interstriae glossy or with diffuse microreticulation, humeral callus weak; hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae almost straight, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia at three-quarters tibial length (i.e., apex of tibia extends beyond attachment), first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NF, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. CT, DE, IN, MA, MD, MI, NH, NY, OH, VA, WV (
First Canadian records. Dresden, ON in 1966 (DEBU); Rustico, PE in 1967 (CNC); Carillon, QC in 1975 (CNC); Kouchibouguac National Park, NB in 1977 (CNC); St. John’s, NF in 1980 (CNC).
First North American records. Albany Co., NY in 1916 (CNC); Ithaca, NY in 1966 (
Habitat and host data. This species feeds on the cruciferous weed Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton in NY (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.2–2.8 mm, short-oval; dorsum red-brown to brown, without metallic colour or only in the darkest form with very subtle brass reflection, legs orange to red-brown, hind femora not or somewhat darker than tibiae, antennomeres 1–5 yellow, more distal antennomeres gradually darker; frons impunctate; pronotum wider than long with angulate anterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc convex, without impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by 1.0–1.5 times puncture diameter, interspaces glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with regular strial rows of fine to moderate and dense punctures, striae impressed on basal two-thirds, interspaces glossy; humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora strongly swollen, hind tibiae short and strongly curved, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia at two-thirds tibial length (i.e., apex of tibia extends beyond attachment), first tarsomere of male foreleg broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NB, NS, ON, QC (
Distribution in USA. CT, NH, PA, WV (
First Canadian records. Elora and Guelph, ON in 1976 (DEBU); Iberville, QC in 1997 (CNC), although
First North American records. As above. The earliest USA record is from Bradford Co., near Ulster, PA in 1978 (
Habitat and host data. This species is known to feed on the thistle, Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop., garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.), and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 2.8–4.0 mm, almost spherical; whole body red-brown, including legs and antennae; frons finely punctate; pronotum wider than long, convex, with obtuse anterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc without impressions, surface of disc finely punctate with punctures separated by 0.7–1.5 times puncture diameter, interspaces glossy; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc with fine and sparse, irregular punctation (not arranged into striae) but some punctures tend to form somewhat regular rows, interspaces glossy, humeral callus weak; legs with hind femora swollen, hind tibiae straight to weakly curved, with short apical spur, hind tarsus attached to tibia near apex, first tarsomere of male foreleg strongly enlarged, broader than in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. NS, QC (
Distribution in USA. Not recorded.
First Canadian records. Shubenacadie, NS in 1997 (
First North American records. As above.
Habitat and host data. Adults feed on foliage of the composites Carduus nutans L., Carduus crispus L., Carduus personatus (L.) Jacq., Carduus defloratus L. and species of the genera Cirsium, Carlina, Onopordum, and Silybum (
[black-margined loosestrife beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.5–5.0 mm, elongate-oval, depressed and covered with short and sparse pubescence; dorsum mostly yellow-brown, or red-brown to brown, head with black spot on vertex, pronotum with broad black stripe along middle sometimes reduced to small, black central spot, scutellum often partly brown to black, elytra usually with dark, brown to black stripe along sides, legs orange, or yellow-brown, antennomeres 1–3 yellow-brown, often darker dorsally, remaining antennomeres somewhat gradually darker to black; vertex punctate; pronotum wider than long with angulate anterior and posterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc depressed, laterally with shallow impressions, surface of disc coarsely punctate (punctures separated by 0.2 to 0.7 puncture diameters), interspaces from slightly glossy to somewhat dull; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, almost parallel-sided, disc with irregular coarse and dense punctation, not arranged into strial rows, interspaces from slightly glossy to somewhat dull, humeral callus strong; hind femora not swollen, tibiae straight, without apical spurs; sexual dimorphism in last sternite, in male with deep and narrow posterior emargination, broad and shallow in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NS?, ON, PE, QC, SK (
Distribution in USA. AL, CO, CT, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NH, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Releases occurred in every province except NF from 1992–1999 (
First North American records. As above. There were releases in ID, MD, MN, NY, OR, PA, VA, and WA in 1992, and these had established by 1993–1994 (
Habitat and host data. This species was imported from Europe as a biological control agent against purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) and was successful in controlling the weed (
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3.5–4.5 mm, body elongate-oval, depressed and covered with short and sparse pubescence; dorsum mostly yellow-brown, head with small black spot on vertex in some, pronotum unicoloured, scutellum often partly brown to black, elytra in most with brown-black spot on humerus, some without spots, legs orange to yellow-brown, antennomeres 1–3 yellow to yellow-brown, often darker on dorsal side, remaining antennomeres somewhat gradually darker to black; vertex punctate; pronotum wider than long with angulate anterior and posterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc depressed, laterally with impressions, surface of disc coarsely punctate, punctures separated by 0.2–0.7 of puncture diameter, interspaces from slightly glossy to somewhat dull; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, elytra with slightly rounded sides, disc with irregular coarse and dense punctation, interspaces from slightly glossy to somewhat dull, humeral callus strong; hind femora not swollen, tibiae straight, without apical spurs; male with broad and deep emargination in ventrite 5, broad and shallow in female.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC?, MB, NB, NS?, ON, PE?, QC (
Distribution in USA. AL, CO, CT, DC, DE, IA, IL, IN, KS, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NH, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV (
First Canadian records. Releases occurred in every province except NF and SK from 1992–1999 (
First North American records. As above. There were releases in ID, MD, MN, NY, OR, PA, VA, and WA in 1992, and these had established by 1993–1994 (
Habitat and host data. This species was imported from Europe as a biological control agent against purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) and was successful in controlling the weed (
[viburnum leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 4.5–6.5 mm, elongate-oval, depressed and covered with short and dense pubescence; dorsum mostly yellow-brown, head with black spot of diffuse borders on vertex, pronotum with broad black stripe along middle and along sides, scutellum often partly brown to black, elytra usually with small, dark spot on humeri, legs orange to red-brown, antennomeres bicoloured, yellow-brown basally, black apically; vertex finely punctate; pronotum wider than long with angulate anterior and posterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc depressed, laterally with shallow impressions, surface of disc finely punctate, interspaces slightly glossy to slightly dull; elytra base wider than posterior of pronotum, elytra almost parallel-sided with narrowly explanate margins, disc with irregular fine punctation, interspaces from slightly glossy to somewhat dull, humeral callus strong; hind femora not swollen, tibiae straight, without apical spurs, sexual dimorphism indistinct.
Native range. Palearctic: Europe (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. CT, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, VT, WA (
First Canadian records. Annapolis Royal, NS in 1924 (CNC;
First North American records. As above. The earliest published USA records are from ME in 1994, NY in 1996, VT and PA in 2000, OH in 2002, and WA in 2004 (
Habitat and host data. Pyrrhalta viburni was recorded from diverse native and cultivated Viburnum spp. (
[elm leaf beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 5.5–7.5 mm, elongate-oval, dorsoventrally flattened and covered with short and dense pubescence; dorsum mostly yellow-green to yellow-brown, head with black spot on vertex, pronotum with broad black stripe along middle and round spot on each side, scutellum pale, elytra usually with short, broad, black stripe along sides, antennomeres bicoloured, yellow-brown basally and ventrally, black apically or dorsally; vertex of head punctate; pronotum wider than long with rounded anterior and posterior corners, sides regularly rounded, disc slightly convex, laterally with impressions, surface of disc with punctures separated by 0.2–0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces usually slightly glossy to leathery; base of elytra wider than posterior of pronotum, elytra widest in posterior third, then rounded to apex, with narrowly explanate margins, disc with irregular fine and dense punctation, not aligned into rows, interspaces slightly glossy to leathery, humeral callus strong; hind femora not swollen, tibiae straight, without apical spurs, sexual dimorphism slight.
Native range. Palearctic: Eurasia (
Distribution in Canada. BC, NB, NF, NS?, ON, PE, QC (
Distribution in USA. All states except AK and HI (
First Canadian records. St. Catharines, ON in 1945 (CNC); Milltown, NB in 1949 (CNC); Huntingdon, QC in 1965 (CNC); Kelowna, BC in 1988 (DEBU).
First North American records. Baltimore, MD in 1834, 1838–1839 (
Habitat and host data. This species is an important urban forest pest in North America. Adults and larvae feed exclusively on elms (Ulmus spp.) (
Diagnosis. Body shape variable, elongate, subparallel, subcylindrical to depressed, colour variable but mostly non-metallic in Nearctic species; hairs sparse to dense, and appressed to erect; head short to slightly elongate, exposed in dorsal view; eyes large, coarsely or finely faceted; antennae with 11 antennomeres, short to moderately long, antennomeres 5–11 subserrate, insertion lateral between eyes and base of mandibles; pronotum subequal to or broader than head, laterally weakly arcuate or strongly angled, with a weak to strong basal constriction; elytra entire, apically rounded, surface smooth to punctuate, epipleura narrow throughout, mesosternum with stridulatory file; abdomen with five free ventrites, 1–4 subequal in length, 5 somewhat longer; procoxae contiguous, transverse and protruding, their cavities closed behind, mesocoxae subconical and small, metacoxae transverse, all tibiae with paired apical spurs.
[cottonwood leaf-mining beetle, poplar leaf-mining beetle]
(Fig.
Diagnosis. Body length 3–4 mm, dorsal surface flattened; head, pronotum, scutellum and legs red, elytra black, antennomeres 1–3 (sometimes 4) orange, remainder black; vertex punctate; pronotum approximately as wide as long, sides with a large, triangular projection at midlength, dorsal surface with coarse scattered punctures separated by 0.7–3.0 times average puncture diameter; elytra almost parallel-sided, base wider than posterior of pronotum, disc punctate with irregular coarse punctation not arranged into rows, interspaces glossy, humeral callus strong; hind femora not swollen, tibiae almost straight, with short apical spurs, sexual dimorphism slight.
Native range. Palearctic: north and central Europe, central Asia, western Siberia, China (
Distribution in Canada. AB, BC, MB, NB, NT, ON, SK, QC? (
Distribution in USA. CA, CO, CT, IL, IN, KS, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OR, RI, SD, TX, WA, WV, WY (
First Canadian records. Prince Edward Co., ON in 1909 (CNC); undisclosed locality in AB in 1920 (
First North American records. IL before 1873 (
Habitat and host data. Hosts are Salicaceae, including Populus spp. and Salix spp. (
Information about status of biocontrol agents and locality records for established populations was provided by Rob Bourchier, Rose DeClerck-Floate, Vincent Hervet, and Peter Mason (AAFC, Lethbridge). We thank Claude Chantal (Quebec) for QC records of some Bruchinae; Claudia Copley (Royal British Columbia Museum), Vincent Hervet, Steve Marshall (University of Guelph), Cory Sheffield (Royal Saskatchewan Museum), Geoff Scudder (University of British Columbia), and Terry Wheeler (deceased, McGill University) for data from their collections; Serge Laplante (AAFC, Ottawa), Ron Neville (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), Jon Sweeney (Canadian Forest Service (CFS), Fredericton), and Doug Yanega (University of California – Riverside) for clarification of records of some Cerambycidae; Edward G. Riley (Texas A&M University) and Donald S. Chandler (University of New Hampshire) for clarification of some USA records for Chrysomelidae; and Timothy L. McCabe (New York State Museum) for providing the earliest Nearctic records of Tetrops praeustus. Specimens and locality data from recent collections of Bruchidius villosus in BC were kindly provided by Laura Hooper (District of Sooke). We thank Diane Paquet (CFS, Ste.-Foy) for formatting the first draft of this manuscript. The first author thanks Anthony Hopkin (CFS, Victoria), Elisabeth Gauthier (CFS, Ste.-Foy), and Jacinthe Leclerc (CFS, Ste-Foy), for supporting this study under the Forest Invasive Alien Species Project. Photographic credits for color images are to Klaus Bolte and some Chrysomelidae to Lech Borowiec. This project was funded by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service.
Body images in dorsal view: 1, Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus); 2, Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius); 3, Callidium violaceum (Linnaeus); 4, Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 5, Poecilium lividum (Rossi); 6, Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus); 7, Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann); 8, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 9, Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus); 10, Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank); 11, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say); 12, Bruchidius cisti (Fabricius). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 13, Bruchidius villosus (Fabricius); 14, Bruchus brachialis Fåhraeus, a, male, b, female; 15, Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 16, Bruchus rufimanus (Boheman); 17, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus), female; 18, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), female; 19, Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 20, Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus); 21, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli); 22, Lema cyanella (Linnaeus); 23, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 24, Cassida rubiginosa O.F. Müller; 25, Cassida azurea Fabricius, a, male, b, female; 26, Cassida flaveola Thunberg. Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 27, Cassida viridis Linnaeus, a, male, b, female; 28, Chrysolina staphylaea staphylaea (Linnaeus); 29, Chrysolina hyperici hyperici (Forster). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 30, Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian); 31, Chrysolina varians (Schaller); 32, Gastrophysa polygoni (Linnaeus), a, male, b, female; Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 33, Phaedon laevigatus (Duftschmid), 34, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting); 35, Altica carduorum (Guérin-Méneville); 36, Aphthona cyparissiae (Koch). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 37, Aphthona czwalinae (Weise); 38, Aphthona flava Guillebeau a, male and b, female; 39, Aphthona lacertosa Rosenhauer. Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 40, Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras; 41, Chaetocnema concinna (Marsham); 42, Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoffroy), a, male, b, female. Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 43, Epitrix pubescens (Koch), a, male, b, female; 44, Longitarsus ferrugineus (Foudras); 45, Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 46, Longitarsus ganglbaueri Heikertinger; 47, Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse); 48, Longitarsus lewisii Baly, a, male, b, female. Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 49, Longitarsus luridus (Scopoli); 50, Longitarsus pellucidus (Foudras); 51, Longitarsus pratensis (Panzer); 52, Longitarsus quadriguttatus (Pontoppidan). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 53, Longitarsus rubiginosus (Foudras); 54, Longitarsus succineus (Foudras); 55, Lythraria salicariae (Paykull), a, male, b, female. Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 56, Mantura chrysanthemi (Koch); 57, Neocrepidodera ferruginea (Scopoli); 58, Phyllotreta armoraciae (Koch); 59, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 60, Phyllotreta punctulata (Marsham); 61, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius); 62, Psylliodes affinis (Paykull); 63, Psylliodes chrysocephalus (Linnaeus). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 64, Psylliodes cucullatus (Illiger); 65, Psylliodes napi (Fabricius); 66, Psylliodes picinus (Marsham); 67, Sphaeroderma testaceum (Fabricius). Scale bar = 1mm.
Body images in dorsal view: 68, Neogalerucella calmariensis (Linnaeus); 69, Neogalerucella pusilla (Duftschmid); 70, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull); 71, Xanthogaleruca luteola (O.F. Müller). Scale bar = 1mm.